• Aaron Huang

• 第一篇 建立nova 系統 控制中心Nova 也被稱為 OpenStack Compute , 是一套用開源控制基礎架構Iaas 的雲端運算平台軟體。它的架構與功能類似Amazon EC2 與 Rackspace Cloud Servers. Nova 它本身是不包含虛擬化軟體，它是定義了一個驅動既有底層虛擬化作業系統的機制，並且將功能擴展為透過web API來進行操作。 Openstack Nova (模式:單一控制台與多個節點 )繁體中文 安裝紀錄nova安裝硬體條件一 環境要求1.至少兩台一般電腦 安裝nova-compute需求CPU有支援Virtualization- CPU,若要查是否自己的cpu是否支援可以打egrep -c '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo 檢查cpu是否支援虛擬化,如果算出來的數字大於 0 的話，就表示有支援了，不過還是記得要去 BIOS 裡確認是否有 Enable CPU Virtualization 的功能喔上 AMD 的官方網站查詢CPU是否支援ñ http://www.amdtaiwan.com.tw/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_11...上 Intel 的官方網頁查詢CPU是否支援ñ http://processorfinder.intel.com/Default.aspx2. A.網路環境要求每台電腦配裝雙網卡(最好能上 GIGALAN ) B.需要網路環境有兩台一般Switch或者 Hub C.需要有兩個區段的網段,且兩部機器的外部網路(public), 與內部網路(Rang)必須個別的可找到對方使用ping 指令能有回應3.Linux版本:ubuntu 11.04 Server LTS4.硬碟空間則須看你把openstack nova 的分成幾個元件安裝,我們的例子是裝一台All in one的

• 二 網路拓璞架構圖圖一

• 若以此圖將網路環境設好後請利用ping指令測試兩台電腦的兩個網段是否可以互相連接成功三:安裝 nova-controler Setp-1 更新安裝之前先進行更新 sudo apt-get update ;sudo apt-get upgrade Setp-2 設定安裝網路環境目標:安裝 bridge 指令: sudo apt-get install bridge-utils 檢查 :dpkg -l | grep bridge-utils 成功結果 :ii bridge-utils 1.4-5ubuntu2 Utilities for configuring the Linux Ethernet bridge錯誤狀況/故障排除: 網路可能不通 或者 apt-get 因網路環境無法更新 指令: sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces 編輯ok 重啟 sudo /etc/init.d/networking restartauto loiface lo inet loopbackauto br100iface br100 inet staticbridge_ports eth0bridge_stp offbridge_maxwait 0bridge_fd 0address 10.10.10.1netmask 255.255.255.0 auto eth1iface eth1 inet staticaddress 192.168.104.11netmask 255.255.255.0broadcast 192.168.104.255gateway 192.168.104.254dns-nameservers 61.64.127.1 檢查 :ifconfig成功結果 : br100 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:21:5e:01:02:33 inet addr:10.10.10.1 Bcast:10.10.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::221:5eff:fe01:233/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:189 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 TX bytes:18749 (18.7 KB) eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:18:1a:48:13 inet addr:192.168.104.11 Bcast:192.168.104.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::210:18ff:fe1a:4813/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:6470 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:473 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:690979 (690.9 KB) TX bytes:108272 (108.2 KB) Interrupt:16 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:21:5e:01:02:33 inet6 addr: fe80::221:5eff:fe01:233/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:98 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:148 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:8820 (8.8 KB) TX bytes:17781 (17.7 KB) Interrupt:17 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:240 (240.0 TX bytes:240 (240.0 B)錯誤狀況/故障排除: 失敗 networking 是無法 restart 大概就是編輯錯誤Setp-3 安裝NTP ServerNova的各個所有組件的OpenStack要同步。 我們需要運做 NTPServer將每個組件同步時間指令: sudo apt-get install ntp檢查 :dpkg -l | grep ntp 成功結果 :ii ntp 1:4.2.6.p2+dfsg-1ubuntu5.1 Network Time Protocol daemon and utility programsii ntpdate 1:4.2.6.p2+dfsg-1ubuntu5.1 client for setting system time from NTP servers錯誤狀況/故障排除:網路可能不通 或者 apt-get 因網路環境無法更新安裝完成後接著我們必須編輯sudo vi /etc/ntp.conf 將底下這兩行加入後存檔server 127.127.1.0fudge 127.127.1.0 stratum 10 然後我們將 NTP Server 重新啟動sudo /etc/init.d/ntp restart* Stopping NTP server ntpd [ OK ] * Starting NTP server ntpd [ OK ]Setp-4 安裝mysql-server 設定nova需要的資料庫環境 OpenStack Nova提供兩種Database PostgreSQL or MySQL 我們選擇以MySQL進行目標:安裝 mysql-server 指令: sudo apt-get install -y mysql-server 接著我們會看到安裝的過程會需要設MySQL 的password 且需要輸入兩次一樣密碼按 ok,請設定一組密碼並將該密碼記住

• 檢查 :dpkg -l | grep mysql-server成功結果 :ii mysql-server 5.1.54-1ubuntu4 MySQL database server (metapackage depending on the latest version)ii mysql-server-5.1 5.1.54-1ubuntu4 MySQL database server binaries and system database setupii mysql-server-core-5.1 5.1.54-1ubuntu4 MySQL database server binaries錯誤狀況/故障排除: 網路可能不通 或者 apt-get 因網路環境無法更新安裝完成後必須在將nova的資料庫環境設定完成請一以下步驟完成,我們以較簡單 4.個步驟完成方式將底下的$MYSQL_PASS 都改成 剛剛所設定的MySql密碼,例如都設成novapasswd1.sudo mysql -uroot -p$MYSQL_PASS -e 'CREATE DATABASE nova;' 2.sudo mysql -uroot -p$MYSQL_PASS -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION;" 3.sudo mysql -uroot -p$MYSQL_PASS -e "SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'%' = PASSWORD('$MYSQL_PASS');" 1.sudo mysql -uroot -pnovapasswd -e 'CREATE DATABASE nova;' 2.sudo mysql -uroot -pnovapasswd -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' WITH GRANT OPTION;" 3.sudo mysql -uroot -pnovapasswd -e "SET PASSWORD FOR 'root'@'%' = PASSWORD('novapasswd');" 4.sudo sed -i 's/127.0.0.1/0.0.0.0/g' /etc/mysql/my.cnf ; sudo service mysql restartmysql start/running, process 220725.接著我們安裝 phpmysqlsudo apt-get -y install apache2 php5 libapache2-mod-auth-mysql php5-mysql phpmyadmin 來方便以後查詢nova database狀態,安裝過程一樣需要輸入密碼,請輸入mysql root 密碼 這個例子中我們輸入novapasswd

• 我們可以輸入網址 http:// nova-cc ip/phpmyadmin/ 來查看與管理資料庫

• 
  Setp-5 安裝Nova-Volumes先將硬碟分割完成fdisk /dev/sda我們先把空間分出一區做Linux LVM sudo apt-get install lvm2 partprobefdisk -l Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System/dev/sda1 * 1 2432 19530752 83 Linux/dev/sda2 2432 3428 8000512 82 Linux swap / Solaris/dev/sda4 3428 9729 50615904+ 5 Extended/dev/sda5 3428 9729 50615873 8e Linux LVMpvcreate /dev/sda5Physical volume "/dev/sda5" successfully createdvgcreate nova-volumes /dev/sda5 Volume group "nova-volumes" successfully createdsudo sed -i 's/false/true/g' /etc/default/iscsitarget service iscsitarget startservice nova-volume start Setp-6 安裝nova 元件目標:安裝 Nova Components指令: sudo apt-get install -y rabbitmq-server nova-common nova-doc python-nova nova-api nova-network nova-volume nova-objectstore nova-scheduler nova-compute apt-get install glance檢查 :dpkg -l | grep rabbitmq-server; dpkg -l | grep nova-common;dpkg -l | grep nova-doc; dpkg -l | grep python-nova ; dpkg -l | grep nova-api; dpkg -l | grep nova-network; dpkg -l | grep nova-volume; dpkg -l | grep nova-objectstore; dpkg -l | grep nova-scheduler; dpkg -l | grep nova-compute ; dpkg -l | grep euca2ools ; dpkg -l |grep unzip; dpkg -l | grep bridge-utils 成功結果 :ii rabbitmq-server 2.3.1-1ubuntu1 An AMQP server written in Erlangii nova-common 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Compute - Nova - common filesii nova-doc 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Compute - Nova - documetationii python-nova 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Compute - Nova - Python librariesii python-novaclient 2.4-0ubuntu1 client library for OpenStack Compute APIii nova-api 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Compute - Nova - API frontendii nova-network 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Compute - Nova - Network thingamajigii nova-volume 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Compute - Nova - storageii nova-objectstore 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Compute - Nova - object storeii nova-scheduler 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Compute - Nova - Schedulerii nova-compute 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Compute - Nova - compute nodeii euca2ools 1.3.1-0ubuntu7 managing cloud instances for Eucalyptusii unzip 6.0-4ubuntu1 De-archiver for .zip filesii glance 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Image Registry and Delivery Service - Daemonsii python-glance 2011.2-0ubuntu1 OpenStack Image Registry and Delivery Service - Python library錯誤狀況/故障排除: 網路可能不通 或者 apt-get 因網路環境無法更新設定nova 環境 sudo vi /etc/nova/nova.conf--dhcpbridge_flagfile=/etc/nova/nova.conf--dhcpbridge=/usr/bin/nova-dhcpbridge--logdir=/var/log/nova--state_path=/var/lib/nova--lock_path=/var/lock/nova--verbose--s3_host=192.168.104.11 ###外部ip--rabbit_host=10.10.10.1 ###內部ip--cc_host=10.10.10.1 ###內部ip--ec2_url=http://192.168.104.11:8773/services/Cloud ###外部ip--fixed_range=10.0.0.0/8 --network_size=256--FAKE_subdomain=ec2 --routing_source_ip=10.10.10.1 ###內部ip--sql_connection=mysql://root:nova@192.168.104.11/nova ###外部ip 需要mysql帳號:密碼--glance_host=10.10.10.1 ###內部ip--image_service=nova.image.glance.GlanceImageService--iscsi_ip_prefix=10.10.10. 接著設定好後需要建立1.sudo sed -i 's/false/true/g' /etc/default/iscsitarget ; sudo service iscsitarget restart * Removing iSCSI enterprise target devices: [ OK ] * Stopping iSCSI enterprise target service: [ OK ] * Removing iSCSI enterprise target modules: [ OK ] * Starting iSCSI enterprise target service [ OK ] [ OK ]2.指令: sudo groupadd nova ; chmod 644 /etc/nova/nova.conf 檢查 :ls -la /etc/nova/nova.conf成功結果 :-rw-r--r-- 1 root nova 544 2011-08-06 01:15 /etc/nova/nova.conf3.指令: sudo /etc/init.d/libvirt-bin start; sudo start nova-network; sudo start nova-compute; sudo start nova-api; sudo start nova-objectstore; sudo start nova-scheduler; sudo start nova-volume; sudo start glance-api; sudo start glance-registry成功結果 :Since the script you are attempting to invoke has been converted to anUpstart job, you may also use the start(8) utility, e.g. start libvirt-binstart: Job is already running: nova-networkstart: Job is already running: nova-computestart: Job is already running: nova-apistart: Job is already running: nova-objectstorestart: Job is already running: nova-schedulernova-volume start/running, process 21386start: Job is already running: glance-apistart: Job is already running: glance-registry 4.sudo nova-manage db sync sudo nova-manage user admin novaexport EC2_ACCESS_KEY=7f29fa0c-7ad1-4c4f-9105-3637daa9cd6dexport EC2_SECRET_KEY=4617cac1-6851-47e8-9c2f-1aef37f1bcefsudo nova-manage project create mycloud novasudo nova-manage network create 10.10.10.0/24 1 256mkdir -p /home/nova/credssudo nova-manage project zipfile mycloud nova /home/nova/creds/novacreds.zipunzip /home/nova/creds/novacreds.zip -d /home/nova/creds/Archive: /home/nova/creds/novacreds.zip extracting: /home/nova/creds/novarc extracting: /home/nova/creds/pk.pem extracting: /home/nova/creds/cert.pem extracting: /home/nova/creds/cacert.pemroot@nova-cc:~# sudo chown -R nova:nova /home/nova/creds/root@nova-cc:~# ls -la /home/nova/creds/total 32drwxr-xr-x 2 nova nova 4096 2011-08-06 03:15 .drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2011-08-06 03:10 ..-rw

1 nova nova 1029 2011-08-06 03:11 cacert.pem-rw

1 nova nova 2503 2011-08-06 03:11 cert.pem-rw-r--r-- 1 nova nova 5786 2011-08-06 03:11 novacreds.zip-rw

1 nova nova 981 2011-08-06 03:11 novarc-rw

1 nova nova 887 2011-08-06 03:11 pk.pemsource /home/nova/creds/novarcsudo /etc/init.d/libvirt-bin restart; sudo restart nova-network; sudo restart nova-compute; sudo restart nova-api; sudo restart nova-objectstore; sudo restart nova-scheduler; sudo restart nova-volume; sudo restart glance-api; sudo restart glance-registry Since the script you are attempting to invoke has been converted to anUpstart job, you may also use the stop(8) and then start(8) utilities,e.g. stop libvirt-bin ; start libvirt-bin. The restart(8) utility is also available.libvirt-bin stop/waitinglibvirt-bin start/running, process 23598nova-network start/running, process 23620nova-compute start/running, process 23648nova-api start/running, process 23663nova-objectstore start/running, process 23674nova-scheduler start/running, process 23699nova-volume start/running, process 23708glance-api start/running, process 23715glance-registry start/running, process 23732root@nova-cc:~# euca-describe-availability-zones verboseAVAILABILITYZONE nova availableAVAILABILITYZONE |- nova-ccAVAILABILITYZONE | |- nova-compute enabled 2011-08-06 08:15:15AVAILABILITYZONE | |- nova-scheduler enabled 2011-08-06 08:15:13AVAILABILITYZONE | |- nova-network enabled 2011-08-06 08:15:13AVAILABILITYZONE | |- nova-volume enabled 2011-08-06 08:15:13 Nova Dashboard 安裝sudo apt-get install -y bzr sudo easy_install virtualenv Searching for virtualenvReading http://pypi.python.org/simple/virtualenv/Reading http://virtualenv.openplans.orgReading http://www.virtualenv.orgBest match: virtualenv 1.6.4Downloading http://pypi.python.org/packages/source/v/virtualenv/virtualenv-1.6.4.tar.gz#md5=1072b66d53c24e019a8f1304ac9d9fc5Processing virtualenv-1.6.4.tar.gzRunning virtualenv-1.6.4/setup.py -q bdist_egg --dist-dir /tmp/easy_install-qWaoju/virtualenv-1.6.4/egg-dist-tmp-yFJeF5warning: no previously-included files matching '*.*' found under directory 'docs/_templates'Adding virtualenv 1.6.4 to easy-install.pth fileInstalling virtualenv script to /usr/local/bin Installed /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/virtualenv-1.6.4-py2.7.eggProcessing dependencies for virtualenvFinished processing dependencies for virtualenv sudo bzr init-repo . Shared repository with trees (format: 2a)Location: shared repository: .sudo bzr branch lp:openstack-dashboard -r 46 /opt/osdb cd /opt/osdb sudo sh run_tests.sh

• cd openstack-dashboard cat /home/nova/creds/novarcsudo nano /opt/osdb/openstack-dashboard/local/local_settings.py sudo tools/with_venv.sh dashboard/manage.py syncdb sudo tools/with_venv.sh dashboard/manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000 輸入 http://IP:8000 這樣我們就完成了一個具備 Dashboard (Web interface )的 Nova 控制中心,這個控制中心具有nova-compute功能但這樣無法表現openstack最大的優勢,彈性擴張計算能力接著我們建立其他的node(nova-compute),讓整理系統擴大,您可以以此方法建立更多的節點,請繼續第二篇說明有就是圖一nova-1電腦第二篇接著我們必須一樣先設定好網路環境與NTPServer目標:設定網路環境指令:sudo apt-get install bridge-utils檢查 :dpkg -l | grep bridge-utils 成功結果 :ii bridge-utils 1.4-5ubuntu2 Utilities for configuring the Linux Ethernet bridge錯誤狀況/故障排除:網路可能不通 或者 apt-get 因網路環境無法更新 指令: sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces 編輯ok 重啟 sudo /etc/init.d/networking restartauto loiface lo inet loopbackauto br100iface br100 inet staticbridge_ports eth0bridge_stp offbridge_maxwait 0bridge_fd 0address 10.10.10.2netmask 255.255.255.0 auto eth0iface eth0 inet staticaddress 192.168.104.12netmask 255.255.255.0broadcast 192.168.104.255gateway 192.168.104.254dns-nameservers 61.64.127.1 檢查 :ifconfig成功結果 : br100 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:21:5e:01:02:33 inet addr:10.10.10.2 Bcast:10.10.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::221:5eff:fe01:233/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:189 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:0 (0.0 TX bytes:18749 (18.7 KB) eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:10:18:1a:48:15 inet addr:192.168.104.12 Bcast:192.168.104.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::210:18ff:fe1a:4813/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:6470 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:473 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:690979 (690.9 KB) TX bytes:108272 (108.2 KB) Interrupt:16 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:21:5e:01:02:33 inet6 addr: fe80::221:5eff:fe02:233/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:98 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:148 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:8820 (8.8 KB) TX bytes:17781 (17.7 KB) Interrupt:17 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:240 (240.0 TX bytes:240 (240.0 B)錯誤狀況/故障排除: 失敗 networking 是無法 restart 大概就是編輯錯誤安裝NTP ServerNova的各個所有組件的OpenStack要同步。 我們需要運做 NTPServer將每個組件同步時間指令: sudo apt-get install ntp檢查 :dpkg -l | grep ntp 成功結果 :ii ntp 1:4.2.6.p2+dfsg-1ubuntu5.1 Network Time Protocol daemon and utility programsii ntpdate 1:4.2.6.p2+dfsg-1ubuntu5.1 client for setting system time from NTP servers錯誤狀況/故障排除:網路可能不通 或者 apt-get 因網路環境無法更新安裝完成後接著我們必須編輯sudo vi /etc/ntp.conf 將底下這兩行加入後存檔server 192.168.104.11 #NTP Server nova 控制中心的ipsudo /etc/init.d/ntp restart 然後我們將 NTP Server 重新啟動* Stopping NTP server ntpd [ OK ]* Starting NTP server ntpd [ OK ]安裝nova 元件目標:安裝 Nova Components指令: sudo apt-get install -y nova-common python-nova nova-compute vlan euca2ools unzip 設定nova 環境 sudo vi /etc/nova/nova.conf (這裡我們可以把剛剛設好的 nova-cc 的內容複製過來 改一下綠色的部分即可) --dhcpbridge_flagfile=/etc/nova/nova.conf--dhcpbridge=/usr/bin/nova-dhcpbridge--logdir=/var/log/nova--state_path=/var/lib/nova--lock_path=/var/lock/nova--verbose--s3_host=192.168.104.11 ###外部ip--rabbit_host=10.10.10.1 ###內部ip--cc_host=10.10.10.1 ###內部ip--ec2_url=http://192.168.104.11:8773/services/Cloud ###外部ip--fixed_range=10.0.0.0/8 --network_size=256--FAKE_subdomain=ec2 --routing_source_ip=10.10.10.2 ###內部ip

把routing source 改成這個節的的內部網路IP --sql_connection=mysql://root:nova@192.168.104.11/nova ###外部ip 需要mysql帳號:密碼--glance_host=10.10.10.1 ###內部ip--image_service=nova.image.glance.GlanceImageService--iscsi_ip_prefix=10.10.10. 這樣就完成一個node 非常的簡單 安裝過程大部分較困難的地方為 nova 控制中心 因為我們這裡採用All in one方式,簡化了許多各個元件溝通與透過兩張網卡方式減少許多繁瑣的地方方便玩成實際測試環境的過程,不過若真正要真正達成以此營運的目的建議還是最好把nova-network nova-volume nova-objectstore nova-scheduler nova-compute nova-glance 各自分開,當某一個元件失效不至於造成全系統不能運作 手動制作linux image先建立一個5G大小的img aaron@nova-cc:/home/nova$ sudo kvm-img create -f raw ubuntu1104ser.img 5G Formatting 'ubuntu1104ser.img', fmt=raw size=5368709120下載或者若有光碟機也可以利用作ISO檔wget http://releases.ubuntu.com/natty/ubuntu-11.04-server-amd64.iso製作光碟 sudo dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/home/nova/ubuntu-11.04-server-amd64.isoroot@nova-cc:/home/nova# sudo kvm -m 512 -cdrom ubuntu-11.04-server-amd64.iso -drive file=ubuntu1104ser.img,if=scsi,index=0 -boot d -net nic -net user -vnc :0 這個時候Terminal會停住我們要利用VNC 連到安裝的介面需要安裝 sudo apt-get install xvnc4viewer接著我們另開一個Terminal輸入vncviewer IP:1接著就可以安裝了安裝的過程需要注意在分割區工作時的把 5GB 空間全部分割為 ext4 根目錄/ ，一個就好也不用建立 swap 若有警告則不予理會安裝好重新開機接著我們必須用vncviewersudo kvm -hda ubuntu1104ser.img -vnc :0再進入一次調整一下這個OS 的相關設定sudo apt-get update; sudo apt-get upgrade;sudo apt-get install openssh-server cloud-init如果做的是Centos or Fedora yum update yum install openssh-server chkconfig sshd on安裝完成無誤後輸入 sudo rm - rf / etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules 目的在於砍掉當時對eth0的設定讓每次使用的時產生新的該VM網路卡的rule安裝完後 關機 shutdown -h nowsudo losetup -f ubuntu1104ser.imgsudo losetup -a 你可以看到這樣的結果/dev/loop [0801]:16908388 ($filepath) 接著我們找出起始的sector root@nova-cc:/home/nova# sudo fdisk -cul /dev/loop0Disk /dev/loop1: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes 149 heads, 8 sectors/track, 8796 cylinders, total 10485760 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00048055 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/loop1p0 * 2048 10483711 5240832 83 Linux 上面最後一行顯示sector 是從2048开始的，單一sector是512bytes ， 2048 x 512 = 1048576 這個數字要記接著我們要要複製 loop0 先Unmount loop0 sudo losetup -f -o 1048576 server.imgsudo losetup -d /dev/loop0sudo losetup -a 可以看到底下這行/dev/loop0: [0801]:550044 (/home/nova/ubuntutemplate.img), offset 1048576sudo dd if=/dev/loop0 of=ubuntu1104server_template.img10483712+0 records in 10483712+0 records out 5367660544 bytes (5.4 GB) copied, 133.322 s, 40.3 MB/s複製之後先卸載 loop0 sudo losetup -d /dev/loop0再來我們先mountsudo mount -o loop serverfinal.img /mnt將最底下的這行註解掉#UUID=548c16fd-889a-4248-bc45-e75c9802d69a / ext4 errors=remount-ro $改成 LABEL=uec-rootfs /ext4 defaults 0 0 sudo cp /mnt/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.38-7-server /home/nova